The Themes of Heart of Darkness Essay Example for Free

The Themes of Heart of Darkness Essay â€Å"The Heart of Darkness† by Conrad is one of the extraordinary books of English writing. This tale uncovered the avarice, perniciousness and childishness of the European men. They abuse the abundance of Africa for the sake of humanizing the locals. They remove their ivory and consequently gave them hunger, dejection, neediness, debasement and demise. The English men of this novel need ethics and soul. Conrad watched the lip service of his nation men and uncovered it in a grand manner in this short bit of workmanship. Feder (1955) is of the view that Heart of Darkness is a purposeful anecdote that considers the spirits venture through limbo and hellfire to salvation, and that endeavor is closely resembling the interest for the Holy Grail or is equal to campaign of Dantes Inferno. (p. 290) Conrad significant goal recorded as a hard copy an ocean journey is best communicated in one of his letter that shows that his significant concern was that the open brain secures on facades, on minor realities, such for example as boats and journeys, without focusing on any more profound essentialness they may have. (Jean-Aubry, 1927, pp.320-321) The topic of Imperialism: â€Å"The Heart of Darkness† is another uncover of government like Conrad’s â€Å"An Outpost of Progress†. In â€Å"Heart of Darkness† Conrad intensely denunciated dominion and racialism without dooming all men who through the mishap of their introduction to the world in England were focused on these open approaches. As per Eloise Knapp Hay (1963), â€Å" to a man for whom† â€Å"race† implied â€Å"nation† more than â€Å"pigmentation†, and for whom â€Å"nation† was a consecrated picture, the nineteenth century human progress of racialism as a methods for business benefit through oppression was history’s most anguishing section. In passing on the impact upon his brain, he could just envision the most noticeably awful torments of hellfire summon Virgil and Dante who had seen as though damnation with their own eyes†¦..and add to their declaration what he had seen with his eyes in the Congo. However, similar to Virgil and Dante, Conrad lived inâ a recorded second †¦everything that was acceptable in England had been tossed, alongside the awful, into the â€Å" rivalry in the securing of an area and the battle for impact and control†, which, as indicated by William Langer, â€Å"was the most significant factor in the universal relations of Europe† somewhere in the range of 1890 and 1910. It appeared that when Conrad really started the composition of â€Å"heart of darkness†, he was profoundly caught up in two inquiries: his faithfulness, both as man and as author, to England, and his intense question of the way the â€Å"civilizing work† was being cultivated by the European powers in south-east Asia and in Africa. In this novel he brings before us the idea of â€Å"western superiority† in crude grounds. Perusing this story over and again, we realize that the dull English coast before him reviews for Marlow the dimness of present day Africa, which is the common murkiness of the wilderness yet more than that the haziness of good opportunity, prompting the monstrosities he has seen in Africa. This ethical obscurity of Africa, we learn later, isn't the dimness of the numbness of the locals, yet of the Whiteman who blinded themselves and debased the locals by their case to be light-bearers. Discussing the roman victory of England, Conrad says, it was â€Å"just theft with viciousness, bothered homicide on an amazing scale, and men grinding away visually impaired as is appropriate for the individuals who tackle darkness†. What Romans had done in England, the English did in South Africa. Marlow concedes that English successes, similar to all others, â€Å"means the removing it from the individuals who have an alternate appearance or marginally compliment noses than ourselves,† however Kurtz went to the African wilderness with a plan to acculturate the locals; he considered his to be in Africa as that of light conveyor for white development. However, very soon he begins separating from the locals human penances to himself as god. At last, his contempt for the locals plunged to the profundity out of which came his remedy of the main technique for managing crude individuals: â€Å"Exterminate the brutes!† Marlow will set up in his progressively clear minutes that what is dark in Africa is the thing that has a privilege to be there. On the off chance that whiteness at long last develops as good vacuity, darkness at last shows up as the real world, mankind and truth. The issue is increasingly intricate still, for alongside the physical obscurity of men and the allegorical darkness of unchartered districts of the earth; the dimness Conrad has been proposing from the start is the constrained removal of whatever is dislodged by â€Å"light,† whatever is uprooted by development the ejection of Africa’s local ideals by Europe’s grandiosity. The European Whiteman in Africa is parasites; they are empty; they have no close to home good vision of their savagery and imprudence. They are likewise collapsible, on the grounds that their society’s organizations are unable to hold them up. Ivory has become the icon of the absurd run of European travelers; and Kurtz is no exception.† all Europe added to the creation of Kurtz.† Guiltiness of wastefulness and unadulterated narrow-mindedness: Walter Allen (1955) accepts that, â€Å"The Heart of Darkness of the title is on the double the core of Africa, the core of shrewdness everything that is skeptical degenerate and censure †and maybe the core of man†. (p. 122) According to Conrad (1958) himself, the narrative of â€Å"heart of darkness† is about the â€Å"criminality of wastefulness and unadulterated self-centeredness while handling the acculturating working Africa†. (p. 37) In the story Marlow makes a big deal about the wastefulness and childishness he sees wherever along his excursion in Africa. In any case, it is simply the culpability of the socializing work that gets the heaviest accentuation in the novel overall. J.W.Beach (1932) accepts that Kurtz is the agent and sensation of all that Conrad felt of pointlessness and awfulness in what the Europeans in the Congo called â€Å"progress†, which implied the misuse of the locals by the white men. Kurtz was to Marlow, infiltrating this nation, a name, continually repeating in people’s talk, for shrewdness and venture. In any case, there were slight suggestions, becoming more grounded as Marlow gravitated toward to the core of murkiness, of attributes and practices so despicable to every one of our thoughts of conventionality, respect and mankind that the ambitious dealer continuously assumes the extent of an unpleasant and practically powerful beast image for Marlow of the general soul of this European endeavor. On his excursion up the Congo, Marlow goes over the neglected railroad truck, looking as dead as the cadaver of some creature; the block creator sitting for a year without any blocks and no expectation of materials for making them; the â€Å"wantonâ smashup† of seepage pipes deserted in a gorge ; burst, accumulated instances of bolts at the external station and no chance to get of getting them to the harmed steamer at the Central Station; the huge fake gap someone had been burrowing on the incline all these and a lot more are the instances of the guiltiness of the wastefulness. Wilson Follet accepted that in this novel, â€Å"the European is indicated depleted, infected, a prey to frenzy and unutterable ghastliness and death†¦Ã¢â‚¬ Ã¢  This demonstrates that the white men over yonder, with the exception of the company’s bookkeeper, are wasteful and egotistical. They themselves sit idle, while then again they misuse the locals to the greatest, they separate the most extreme exercise of them and pay them three nine â€inch long metal wire pieces seven days, which are lacking to get them anything. As such the majority of the locals are starving and biting the dust. This epic is a dedicated accord of the brutalities and outrages executed on the locals of Africa by their European bosses. The Historical subject: In Elizabethan occasions the Drakes and Franklins cruised from the light of England into the murkiness of obscure oceans, coming back with the â€Å"round flanks† of their boats swelling with treasure. Nineteen centuries back the approaching tide brought the Romans from the light of Rome into the obscurity of England: the roman success of England was a bothered homicide for an enormous scope. Current government spoke to by Conrad in â€Å"heart of darkness†-isn't not quite the same as the old; the acculturated white men of Europe have entered the obscurity of Africa, and have joined the locals. The white men come as settler brokers however actually for ivory they plunder and loot. For ivory the whites robed the locals of their very personality and presence. Their lives and their way of life were annihilated to the most extreme degree conceivable by the alleged cultivated men of the world who pronounced their assignment as â€Å"white man’s burden†. Works Cited Allen, Walter. 1955. The English tale; a short basic history. New York: Dutton. Sea shore, J. W. 1932. The Twentieth Century Novel; An examination in Technique. New York:  â â â â â â â â â â Century Co. Conrad, Joseph. 1958. Letters to William Blackwood; ed. W. Blackburn. Durham N.C.;  â â â â â â â â â â Duke University Press. Feder. 1955. Marlows Descent into Hell. 19 Nineteenth-Century Fiction. 289-292 Roughage, E. K. 1963. â€Å"The Political Novels of Joseph Conrad†. Chicago: University of  â â â â â â â â â â Chicago Press. Jean-Aubry, G. 1927. Joseph Conrad: Life and Letters; Letter to Richard Curle, July 17,  â â â â â â â â â â 1923.

Facial Identification Of Driver Fatigue Health And Social Care Essay

Driver exhaustion is as often as possible one of the prima reasons for auto collisions. In this closing twelvemonth endeavor, a registering machine vision assault which abuses the driver ‘s facial look is thought of, using a blend of the Viola-Jones face detecting procedure and bolster vector machines to sort facial visual perspective and discover the level of weariness.Section 1: DescriptionIntroductionStatisticss show that driver exhaustion is habitually one of the prima reasons for car crashes. In the course of the last barely any mature ages, a cluster of research and endeavor has been advanced in planing frameworks that screen both driver and driving open introduction. A registering machine vision assault which misuses the driver ‘s facial look is considered in this finishing up twelvemonth endeavor. The Viola-Jones ongoing article detecting model taking a shot at a helped course of Haar swell attributes is embraced for face detecting. To discover the level of exhaus tion, different trademark classification is so performed using bolster vector machines. The thought processes in taking to build up the framework in this mode are the quick face detecting times combined with the basic and modest in general execution, maintaining a strategic distance from the interest to place in costly and complex hardware.Concise Literature ReviewThis development gives a wide reappraisal of the artistic business related to confront detecting in exhaustion observing frameworks and engineerings, focusing unconventionally on what has been done in the field of driver exhaustion. In region 1.2.1, a few measurements of exhaustion related engine vehicle mishaps are referenced and examined. Segment 1.2.2 high spots a portion of the more fruitful frameworks ( both business and non-business ) that have been executed in late mature ages. On the different manus, region 1.2.3 nowadayss an edifying review of the calculations and procedures commonly utilized in the advancement of such frameworks, especially those refering to both face and facial trademark detecting. Agent plants for every one of these techniques will be included.Statisticss Related to Driver FatigueDriver exhaustion has been one of the main sources of course mishaps and human passings in late mature ages, and in this development an exertion is made to closer view a portion of the a greater amount of import measurements that exhibit this negative inclination. The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration ( NHTSA ) [ 1 ] estimations that 2-23 % of all vehicle thumps can be credited to driver exhaustion. Each twelvemonth, around 100,000 car crashes and 71,000 damages identified with driver drowsiness are accounted for in the United States, out of which more than 1,300 are deadly [ 2 ] . The NHTSA [ 3 ] other than reports that in the twelvemonth 2005 altogether, there were around 5,000 course human passings ( around 8.4 % ) which were caused either by driver carelessness ( 5.8 % ) or lethargic and exhausted drive ( 2.6 % ) . Moreover, 28 % of deadly auto collisions were because of path looking after disappointment, one of the roundabout impacts of exhaustion on drivers, following in the loss of 16,000 lives. Without a doubt, truck drivers are increasingly able to tire mostly in view of the extended periods of time went on fundamental streets, taking to inescapable lowly excursions. Truth be told, a study by the U.S. National Transportat ion Safety Board ( NTSB ) [ 4 ] affirmed that exhaustion was the discovering factor in 51 out of 87 occurrences of truck mishaps. These disheartening insights highlighted the interest to plan and actualize frameworks equipped for following and investigating a driver ‘s facial highlights or natural structure regions and giving an admonition signal at the primary perceptible characteristics of exhaustion to look for and hinder the presumable occurring of a mishap. In the accompanying development of this writing reappraisal, a figure of these frameworks will be presented.Existing Fatigue Monitoring SystemsMany various assaults for frameworks undertaking the activity of driver exhaustion have been examined and actualized in the course of the last hardly any mature ages. Prior gadgets would in general be rather nosy, requiring physical contact to mensurate exhaustion qualities while driving. These attributes included chest rate fluctuation, investigation of encephalon flags each piece great as the driver ‘s physiological area. Different frameworks examined the connection of driver lethargy to moving fast en and vehicle movements, with some other than utilizing path following establishments. Notwithstanding, the point of convergence these days is more towards autonomous non-meddlesome frameworks that work out of sight without avoiding the driver in any way, ready to watch and track caput and oculus movements by offices of at least one cameras mounted on the vehicle ‘s splashboard. The greater part of stocks following exhaustion have been intended for on-street vehicles, for example, automobiles, trucks and motors, and these will be audited in the undermentioned development. In Section 1.2.2.2, different kinds of exhaustion observing frameworks that have been sent will be analysed.On-Road Fatigue Monitoring SystemsCommercially Implemented SystemsIn the framework introduced by Advanced Brain Monitoring Inc. [ 5 ] , a caput mounted gadget in the signifier of a baseball top uses the encephalon ‘s EEG ( Electroencephalography ) signs to mensurate exhaustion. Two terminals insi de the baseball top are associated with the driver ‘s scalp to catch these signs, guiding them by means of remote moving edges to a handling gadget 20 pess off from the driver. Russian merchant Neurocom advertised the Engine Driver Vigilance Telemetric Control System ( EDVTCS ) [ 6 ] for utilization inside the Russian railroad framework. EDVTCS persistently track drivers ‘ physiological region by mensurating modifications in the electro cuticular action ( EDA ) for example adjustments in the covering ‘s restriction to power dependent on the eccrine sweat secretory organs of the human natural structure, found mostly on the thenar of our authorities and the colloidal suspensions of our pess. One of the first non-meddlesome driver exhaustion administering frameworks was ASTiD ( Advisory System for Tired Drivers ) [ 7 ] . It comprises of a state-of-the-art information base hypothetical record uncovering a 24-hour expectation structure sing the chance of the driver making a trip to kip piece in the driver's seat, and a direction wheel indicator framework fit for setting dull driving interims, for example, those in primary streets, each piece great as abnormal moving movements as a result of driver exhaustion. Path trailing is another assault assumed to position interruption structures while driving. SafeTRAC, by AssistWare Technology [ 8 ] , comprises of an image camera situated on the windscreen of the vehicle ( going up against the course ) and a splashboard mounted having gadget to which it is associated. The camera can watch path markers in streets and issues hearable, visual or haptic alerts if flighty drive structures, for example, unchanging impetuss between paths, a re watched. Sing the issues experienced in before frameworks, more significance currently began being given to frameworks that checked driver head movements, face and facial attributes. Brains ( MicroNod Detection System ) , depicted in [ 9 ] , ways head spot and movement, with caput gesturing being the main exhaustion trademark utilized for watching smaller scale rest ( brief times of interruption ) while driving. Head movement is followed by a variety of three capacitance locators found simply over the driver ‘s cockpit. One more assault was taken by David Dinges and Richard Grace [ 10 ] at the Carnegie Mellon Research Institute ( CMRI ) in the improvement of the PERCLOS delegate, which decides the oculus shutting per centum over clasp for exhaustion detecting. In [ 11 ] , PERCLOS is characterized as the extent of clasp the eyes are shut 80 % or more for a predefined cut interim. FaceLAB [ 12 ] central focuses on both face and oculus trailing, mensurating PERCLOS ( PERcentage of oculus C LOSure over clasp ) and breaking down water chickweeds in existent clasp ( including wink frequence and wink duration ) . A significant distinction from different frameworks is that the supreme spot of the eyelid, rather than the impediment of the understudy, is utilized to mensurate oculus shutting, doing it substantially more exact. The 2001 AWAKE endeavor of the European Union [ 13 ] concentrated explicitly on driver exhaustion, incorporating a considerable lot of the previously mentioned advances. The main finish of this endeavor, ( its abbreviation representing System for strong Assessment of driver watchfulness and Warning Harmonizing to traffic peril Estimation ) , was to flexibly investigate on the continuous, non-meddling observing of the driver ‘s ebb and flow region and driving open introduction. Numerous life partners were engaged with AWAKE, including engineers, producers and suppliers of hardware, examine foundations, colleges, automobile creators and terminal clients. The endeavor ‘s starting closures were those of achieving more than 90 % reliability, a lower than 1 % bogus disappointment rate and a client belief rate rising above 70 % . Vehicle creation organizations, for example, Toyota, Nissan and DaimlerChrysler [ 9 ] are other than in the strategy of building up their ain exhaustion directing systems.Research Based SystemsMany look into reports firmly identified with driver weariness observing have been distributed in ongoing mature ages. Grouped assaults have been proposed, among which skin shading material data has been extremely well known. Smith [ 14 ] nowadayss a framework dependent on skin shading material predicates to discover exhaustion from oculus wink rate and caput revolving movement data. Additionally, in the look way observing framework proposed by Wahlstrom et Al. [ 15 ] , shading material predicates are utilized to turn up the lip part by finding those pels that coordinate the required shading material qualities. Face extraction by skin shading material cleavage using the standardized RGB skin shading material hypothetical record is embraced in both [ 16 ] and [ 17 ] . Veeraraghavan and Pap

3 Ways to Write a Great Personal Statement for College!

3 Ways to Write a Great Personal Statement for College! (This article has been updated to reflect the new 650-word limit for the Common Application) The New York Times has been rife this season with articles about the college application essay.   The Common Application’s newly reinstated 650-word guideline is the topic of much conversation, as are general themes and strategies for the personal statement. It is now early November.   Some early application deadlines have come and gone, and November 15 deadlines are around the corner.   Is your high school senior still stuck or struggling with his or her personal statement? Many people, not just college applicants, have a hard time writing about themselves.   Yet that’s exactly what you need to do when writing a personal statement.  No matter how much you might not like it, your personal statement is about you.   There’s really no way around it. Today I will provide some assistance and resources to help any college applicant to get those 650 words written. 1.   Relax!   Have fun! “It’s all about loosening up,”   says a California college professor in Crafting an Application Essay That ‘Pops’, a New York Times article which reported on the recommendations of 5,000 admissions officers and counselors who gathered at the latest NACAC conference.   I couldn’t agree more. To help students have fun with their personal statements, Stanford University has come up with an interesting twist:   They ask applicants to write a letter to their future freshman roommates. Here are some samples, quoted in the article, of how students approached the essay: “If you want to borrow my music, just ask. If you want to borrow my underwear, just take them.” “I eat ice cream with a fork, and I drink orange juice right after I brush my teeth just for the sour taste.” “If you have anything other than a Dodgers poster on the wall, I will tear it down.” Note that all these lines are written in the first person â€" unfortunately to some, a required element of writing about yourself.   And note that all the lines are unique.   It’s unlikely that two applicants would have written the same thing. Here’s the key to writing a great essay:   Write something no one else could have written. If that sounds like a daunting task, loosen up!   Take a cue from Stanford’s essay question, no matter what topic you choose to write about.   All you have to do is tell stories about yourself. 2. How NOT to Start your College Application Essay One common pitfall students fall into is trying to write an essay about their reasons for applying to school, instead of simply telling a story.   One of my recent clients started her essay to graduate school with, “I am applying to the XX school for several reasons.”  I coached her to simply start telling her story.   This approach made the project a lot easier, and made her essay a lot more interesting! Here’s the start of an essay that meets this requirement: When I went to Fall Out Boy’s Chicago radio show, there was the comment from the drummer, “The girl from New York is here.”   When I fought my way to the front of the crowd in Florida, there was the bassist’s point of his finger at me as he mouthed one of my favorite lyrics: “I still hate you.” This opening line works because it tells a story no one else could tell.   It brings us into a world unique to the applicant.   And it sets us up to think something interesting is going to happen in this essay.   The reader is compelled to read the next line. Contrast this to an alternate version of the essay that might have read, “Music is one of my passions, and because of that I attend a lot of rock concerts.   My favorite band is Fall Out Boy.” You might laugh, but version two is the way many college essays read.   Or, to avoid boring the committee, applicants swing the other way:   “Raindrops heated by the flashing lights above, falling abundantly and without end, singeing my hair, my skin, my eyes…” Here’s a tip:   If you are not a brilliant creative writer, just stick to the facts.   They will set you free. 3. Doing it in 650 Words The Common Application now sets a 650-word limit for a college application essay.   The more you stick to a story â€" a story that is directly linked to the point you want to make in your essay â€" the easier it will be to stay within that limit and to knock the socks off the admissions committee! The New York Times’ “The Choice” blog provides spot-on advice for how to stay succinct in Advice on Whittling Your Admissions Essay.   Read this article immediately if you are over the limit and unsure of how to cut your writing down to size! You might also gain some breathing room from Matt Flegenheimer’s October 28, 2011 article, College Application Essay as Haiku?   For Some, 500 Words Aren’t Enough. Need Help with your Personal Statement for College? If you’re still stuck, panicked, or unsure, consider getting some help.   The Essay Expert’s Ivy-educated consultants are skilled in working with students to craft essays that say more than you might even imagine can be said in 650 words.   Just try us!

The Civil War Harriet Tubman - 991 Words

The Civil War: Harriet Tubman Introduction The act of slavery divided the North and South of the American Union, states seceded and formed the Confederacy. Harriet Tubman played a big role in bringing the Confederacy and Union back together. She went through slavery in the South, escaped and worked for the Union Army during the Civil War, all together making a difference on today’s society. Harriet Tubman, born a slave, escaped slavery in 1849 and became one of the most important abolitionist in American history. During the American Civil War she helped runaway slaves go from the South to North in an Underground Railroad. Harriet’s journey with the Underground Railroad helped hundreds of African Americans escape slavery, and soon abolish the act creating a big difference on today’s life. Background Information Harriet Tubman was a second generation slave born in the 1820s in Dorchester County, Maryland. She was born a slave. Her birth name was Aramita Ross, her nicknames were Minty, Moses, and Moses Of Her People. She was one of eleven children in her family. Her parents were Harriet Green, nicknamed â€Å"Old Rit† and Benjamin Ross. They were believed to be full blooded African Americans, Ashanti West African war people. Harriet’s owner, Edward Brodas, was a plantation owner and often rented Harriet out to neighboring families. At age 7 she was sent to take care of a baby, she tried to eat a sugar cube, but got caught, she ran and hid. After a few days hunger got the best ofShow MoreRelatedHarriet Tubman And The Civil War1614 Words   |  7 Pageswas Araminta Ross, though later would be known by a different name: Harriet Tubman. Tubman was one of the most well known figures throughout history. She possessed characteristics of bravery, courage, intelligence, determination, and selfishness during her fight through slavery. This abolitionist was known for her job as the official conductor for the Underground Railroad, and her services for the Union army during the Civil War (HISTORY online). All her contributions lead to self-liberations andRead MoreThe Moses of her People: Who is Harriet Tubman? Essay692 Words   |  3 Pages 2 Who is Harriet Tubman? Araminta Harriet Ross, formally known as Harriet Tubman was born into slavery in March of 1820 in Dorchester County, Maryland (Civil War, 2014). As a child, Tubman was â€Å"hired out† to various masters who were mean and cruel to her (Civil War, 2014). She suffered a terrible head injury at the hands of one of these cruel slave masters that caused her to have seizures and â€Å"visions† for the rest of her life, which she believed were sent from God (Civil War, 2014). In 1840Read MoreHarriet Tubman And The Civil Rights Movement1167 Words   |  5 PagesRoss, or more commonly known as Harriet Tubman, was a powerful figure in the Civil Rights movement. Having already escaped from slavery, Araminta made ninteen trips to free other slaves. She helped free hundreds of slaves, even her own parents. She never lost a slave or was caught by government officals looking to capture her. Tubman always stood up for what was right, even if it meant taking someone else’s puni shment. Araminta, one of nine children born to Harriet â€Å"Rit† Green and Ben Ross, was bornRead MoreHarriet Tubman And The Underground Railroad1422 Words   |  6 PagesHarriet Tubman The Underground Railroad was a system set up to help escaping slaves safely survive their trip to the north. Harriet Tubman was a leader and one of the best conductors on the Underground Railroad. Harriet Tubman made a total of 19 trips into slave holding states freeing around a total of 300 slaves. Huckleberry Fin was written by Mark Twain, Jim one of the main characters was an escaped slave. Harriet Tubman played a significant role in liberating slaves as she worked as a conductorRead MoreHarriet Tubman s Impact On America1011 Words   |  5 PagesMrs. Dyer Honors English I 30 October 2015 Harriet Tubman s Impact on America Many people throughout history have had an impact on America today. During the civil rights era, a long list of people took part in actions that shaped America s ideas of slavery and racism. Harriet Tubman was one of those people and her actions had a huge impact on the U.S. She contributed to the abolishment by leading thousands of slaves to freedom. Harriet Tubman was a Civil Rights rebel who was born into slavery, tookRead MoreNelson Mandela, Harriet Tubman, And Patrisse Cullors1500 Words   |  6 PagesCivil Rights- noun: the rights of citizens to political and social freedom and equality. Nelson Mandela, Harriet Tubman, and Patrisse Cullors all share one common trait: civil rights and protecting the freedom of others. Nelson Mandela fought for freedom against the apartheid in South Africa, and was a philanthropist who served as President in South Africa. Harriet Tubman was abolitionist, armed scout and spy, who helped hundreds of slaves escape through the Underground Railroad d uring the CivilRead MoreHarriet Tubm Successful Underground Railroad Trip Essay950 Words   |  4 PagesHarriet Tubman Harriet Tubman is well-known for her successful underground railroad trips during the 1850s. She was known as the â€Å"Moses of her people,† and influenced thousands of lives. Tubman put herself in danger to help others and give them freedom. She became an abolitionist and joined the movement during the civil war. Harriet Tubman was a hero and fought for what she believed in. Harriet Tubman year of birth is unknown, but it probably occurred between 1820 and 1825 in Dorchester County,Read MoreHarriet Ross Tubman s Underground Railroad1462 Words   |  6 PagesHarriet Ross Tubman The Underground Railroad Harriet Ross Tubman was a spiritual woman who lived her ideals and dedicated her life to ending slavery. While Harriet s efforts placed her in great peril, her integrity and commitment inspired others to assist in rescuing countless slaves during the Civil War. The woman known as Harriet Ross Tubman was born into slavery in 1825, in Dorchester County, Maryland. She was born as Araminta Ross, and nicknamed â€Å"Minty† by her parents. Harriet wouldRead MoreEssay about Harriet Tubman, A Strong Woman Who Helped Many to Freedom591 Words   |  3 PagesHarriet Tubman In the 18th century before the civil war. Slavery was based on the color of your skin. It was a very difficult life for people who are not white in some states.People believe that everyone should follow and fight for what they believe is best for their life .â€Å"Oh lord , if you ain’t never going to change that man`s heart ,kill him lord ,and take him out of the way â€Å", Those were words of Harriet tubman ,who suffered throughout her life especially in her childhood ,but sheRead MoreHarriet Tubm An African American Abolitionist And Humanitarian1429 Words   |  6 PagesHarriet Tubman was an African-American abolitionist and humanitarian. Harriet Tubman was born in Dorchester County, Maryland around 1820-1825 and died in Boston, Massachusetts of pneumonia in 1913. She was born into slavery, but successfully escaped in 1849 to become a leading abolitionist, yet she returned many times to rescue both family members and non-relatives from the plantation system. She led hundreds of slaves to freedom in the North as the most famous conductor on the Undergrou nd Railroad

The Children Left Behind - 788 Words

The Children Left Behind (Rough Draft 1) Learning disability is a worldwide problem affecting over 2.4 million children in the United States alone. All types of communities are afflicted by learning disabilities causing problems, but it seems children in urban areas struggle the most, as those schools generally don’t provide extra help. Disabilities like attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), dyslexia, and dyscalculia are issues you can see by looking at someone, and are often overlooked by schools in at risk neighborhoods. Students with learning disabilities earn lower grades and experience higher rates of course failure than students without learning disabilities. To help fix the problem of students with learning disabilities dropping out of school, more specialized teachers should be put in place to cater to children with learning disabilities. A learning disability is defined as a â€Å"neurological condition that interferes with an individual’s ability t o store, process, or produce information† (â€Å"New to LD† 1). Learning disabilities can affect one’s ability to read, write, speak, spell, compute math, and reason: all of which are essential for learning in today’s public school system. An individual’s attention, memory, coordination, social skills, and emotional maturity can also be negatively impacted with the presence of a learning disability. According to the National Center for Learning Disability, â€Å"approximately 5 percent of the total public school enrollmentShow MoreRelatedLeft Behind Children in China1986 Words   |  8 Pagesâ€Å"Left behind children† in China has become a serious and critical issue that approximately 58 million rural children have been left to fend for themselves after their parents migrate to cities for work. â€Å"Left-behind children† refers to a large group of children in rural areas living with their grandparents, relatives, neighbors and par ents friends, or teachers after their parents left them at hometowns and migrate to big cities for making a living. According to the latest report of Chinese EducationRead MoreSupport Kin Carers Support For The Left Behind Children Of The Female Migrant Workers1378 Words   |  6 Pagesthe left behind children of the female migrant workers to the Middle East Buddhiprabha D. D. Pathirana Senior Lecturer in Psychology, Department of Philosophy Psychology, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka Author Note Correspondence concerning this paper should be directed to Dr. Buddhiprabha D.D.Pathirana, University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka, at buddhiprabha2001@yahoo.com â€Æ' Developing guidelines to support kin carers providing care and support to left behind children of theRead MoreMany Philippinos are Mothering from a Distance Essay1084 Words   |  5 Pagesand lack of quality jobs in the past 40 years, an increasing number of Filipina migrants are mothering their children from a distance. According to Rhacel Salazar Parrenas, a Professor at USC, the term mothering from a distance has damaging ramifications both for the mothers who leave and the children who are left behind. In order to provide for their families, they must leave them behind in the Philippines and take advantage of the greater labor market opportunities in other countries of Asia,Read MoreShould Children Have A Special Need?1676 Words   |  7 PagesShould children in today’s world who have a special need or don’t have a special need be held back in school? Should they be the one’s who are responsible for not reaching academic proficiency due to having a disabil ity or unable to reach grade level standards? The No Child Left Behind Act gives all children a fair, equal chance to reach the minimum proficiency on standard academic assessments that they are expected to take whether they have a disability or not. The current talk among professionalsRead MoreThe Ramifications of Government Reform on Education Essay1354 Words   |  6 Pagesgovernment acts like No Child Left Behind (NCLB) and Common Core curriculums have been put into effect in order to reverse America’s position. They are best understood as tools to bridge the achievement gap regardless of what a child may look like, sound like, or what part of the nation they come from. These programs are designed to help all children excel in school no matter what. Even though the No Child Left Behind Act significantly increased the average performance of children in math in both lower andRead MoreNo Child Left Behind Act Essay1646 Words   |  7 Pages The No Child Left Behind Act was based on the Elementary Secondary Education Act of 1965. The act was established based on the promise of Thomas Jefferson to create a free public education system in Virginia (Hammond, Kohn, Meier, Sizer Wood, 2004). The act is now reauthor ized as the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001. The purpose of the No Child Left Behind Act was to make sure that children were given a fair, quality education. The act set out to close the achievement gaps in educationRead MoreEssay about No Child Left Behind May Leave Some Behind965 Words   |  4 Pagescountless changes in just a few years. Are these changes for the better? Children in the current school system are faced with numerous tests every year. Why are they being constantly tested? The ceaseless use of standardized testing is a result of the No Child Left Behind Act. Continuous talk about the No Child Left Behind Act can be heard in the hallways of schools nationwide, but why does it matter? The No Child Left Behind Act plays a major role in our students’ education. The students affectedRead MoreAttachment Theory And Attachment Theories1053 Words   |  5 Pagesin touch with their children or they ignore their child which built a failed emotion communication (Metzg er, Erdman, Ng 87). Also, it may be repeated from one generation to another until it is not recovered. 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The act required annual testing in schools of all students fromRead More No Child Left Behind Will Reform Our Educational System Essay1748 Words   |  7 PagesNo Child Left Behind Will Reform Our Educational System (this essay is missing the works cited) Just three days after taking office in January of 2001 as the forty third president of the United States, George W. Bush announced his plan of No Child Left Behind. Signed January 8, 2002, it was the reauthorization of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act, the central federal law in pre-collegiate education. (Rebora) No Child Left Behind cleared Congress in a landslide with overwhelming majorities

Wearing a Mask, Making a Contrast Free Essays

Alex Lu 2012/10/24 ENG2100+2150 Professor Lombardi Wearing a Mask, Making a Contrast â€Å"Under the Red, White, and Blue then wear the gold hat, if that will move her; If you can bounce high, bounce for her too, Till she cry ‘Lover, gold-hatted, high-bouncing lover, I must have you! ’† This beautiful and connotative quote appears at the beginning of the novel, The Great Gatsby. Gatsby wearing his gold hat, a kind of masks represent wealthy and upper class, dream one day he could have Daisy again. As a matter of fact, not only Gatsby, but also other main characters involved in this masterpiece all put on their own false fronts in order to chasing their dreams of life. We will write a custom essay sample on Wearing a Mask, Making a Contrast or any similar topic only for you Order Now However, the reality makes them back to earth. Those contrast between dream and reality happened in the novel deeply express their characteristic so far as to the true reason of the Great Gatsby’s tragedy. First of all, Gatsby, who appears in the title of novel, is the most significant character we should analysis. His false fronts can be concisely concluded from the quote at the very beginning—The Golden Hat, a simple but accurate symbol, show readers that Gatsby live a very luxury but vacuous life; it seems that Gatsby who wearing a brilliant hat dance and bounce in order to cheer Daisy up, hope those material stuff, which also let Gatsby lose Daisy, can help him win Daisy back. * Gatsby deliberately builds up an image that a secret rich man who hold luxurious parties every night, Meanwhile, no one knows him clearly include his only friends Nick. The following piece of writing, which impressed me most in whole story, can show that Gatsby try his best to leave everyone a good impression, a gentle man he is. â€Å"It faced – or seemed to face – the whole external world for an instant, and then concentrated on you with an irresistible prejudice in your favor. It understood you just so far as you wanted to be understood, believed in you as you would like to believe in yourself, and assured you that it had precisely the impression of you that, at your best, you hoped to convey. His image deed helped him gain so many attentions of Daisy and false friendship, which make him feel satisfied. Nevertheless, this kind of false front not only became a tough shield at last that keeps all right values as well as real Daisy away from his mind, but also bounds him tightly, because of which, at Gatsby’s funeral, only did Nick and Gatsby’s old father attended. In this situation, I contend that it is his false front, which Gatsby want to contain, destroy his dream of Daisy and furthermore an American dream. Next, I believe that Daisy is a very complicated woman, who still has desire to chasing true love; not only a mammonist. Nonetheless, because of the fact that Daisy was raised up by an old money family, she wasn’t able to abandon those wealthy life and constraint from old money. Acting as an elegant lady who come from Noble family gradually become her false front. * I contend that her false front make her become a totally loser in love. As I mentioned above, Daisy was a girl raised up in a rich environment. Lavish party and social contact with different rich guy had already become part of her life or even her value. I don’t think Daisy is a devil who only cares about money and power like lots of people comment. On the contrary, she expects a lover who deed loves her will appear one day. Coincidence is that Gatsby run her lives when she found Tom have a mistress. If she was a materialist, she would leave Tom immediately without any hesitation. As the matter of fact, she didn’t do it. Even when Gatsby and Tom quarreled together about who Daisy loved truly, Daisy said that, â€Å"I did love him once – but I loved you too.. † According to her words, she still had a tender side instead of a money search engine. The mask she put on is the key that cause Daisy’s complicated feeling about Tom and Gatsby. On the one hand, she wanted to keep her arrogant figure, whereas she wanted to chase love either, which leads the conflict in Daisy’s heart. Finally, Daisy lost her last opportunity to abandon the whole stale tradition. In this layer, she is definitely a loser and a tragic character. Finally, although most readers of the Great Gatsby have believed that Nick may be the only good rational person in the novel, I contend that he put on his mask either. Nick is a common youngster after world war one who wanted to live in upper class, whereas didn’t know whether he can get used to it. So, he met his cousin, Daisy, and her husband, an old mon ey, in order to participate in their social hub. In the novel, Nick was disturbed by Tom and Gatsby and give in finally, even if he didn’t want to join their countless party and other social activities. Nick put on his false front to pretended that he was one of them, those upper class people, because of which, he experience this whole tragedy. At last, just like Nick himself said that he gets tired of all those crazy people. Thanks to his mask, he was able to see upper class crystal clear. * Those masks mentioned above isolated each character. With the help of masks, each character created a gap between their heart and their appearance. It is those un-bridged gap made by false front result in the final tragedy. How to cite Wearing a Mask, Making a Contrast, Papers

Did Napoleon Betray The Revolu Essay Example For Students

Did Napoleon Betray The Revolu Essay In order to investigate the claim that Napoleon betrayed the revolution, it has to be determined what is the French revolution? And what are the revolutionary ideals that Napoleon allegedly betrayed? If Napoleon betrayed the Revolution then he betrayed the ideals of Liberty, equality and fraternity. However if Napoleon did not betray the revolution, he consolidated the revolutionary ideals. The only way of determining whether Napoleon consolidated or betrayed the revolution is to explore his actions such as his military success, Dictatorship and social reforms. The difficulty of this analysis is that Napoleons motives for his actions determine whether he consolidated or betrayed the Revolution. If Napoleon betrayed the revolution, then he betrayed the ideals of Liberty, equality and fraternity. For it is ideals rather than realities that Napoleon allegedly betrayed. The reality of the French revolution is 8 periods of constant change and successions of policies and leaders, with each new leader and party brining amendments to the revolution. Napoleons coupdetat of 18 brumaire was an insurance against both Jacobin revolution and Royalist restoration. The French people expected Napoleon to bring back peace, order and to consolidate the political and social conquests of the Revolution. Napoleon considered these conquests to be the sacred rights of property, equality and liberty. If Napoleon gained power with the promise of upholding the principals of the French Revolution how did he betray the revolution? Many historians argue that Napoleon was an effective but ambitious leader. This ambition led to a dictatorship, which they consider Napoleons ultimate betrayal. However other Historians such as Tombs and Furet see Napoleons regime as the most convincing though temporary solution to the political and ideological problems bequeathed by the Revolution. Napoleons dictatorship can also be considered a natural progression from the authoritarian nature of the French revolution. One idea is that is undebatable is if Napoleon betrayed the French Revolution, this means that his actions, motives and policies were disloyal to the Revolutionary ideals of Liberty, equality and Fraternity. Napoleon was an outstanding military commander and enjoyed many successful campaigns. Napoleon maintained the Revolutionary system of conscription and encouraged promotion based on ability. However his motivation for military success was the consolidation of his authority My power is dependant on my glory and my glory on my victories Conquest made me what I am; conquest alone can keep me there. Napoleons Military campaigns can be interpreted as either a consolidation or a betrayal of the revolution. Napoleon continued in the Revolutionary tradition of liberating and introducing revolutionary ideals to the territories he claimed for France. In the areas he conquered Napoleon granted constitutions, introduced law codes, abolished feudalism, created efficient governments and fostered education, science, literature and the arts. However these reforms always failed as Napoleon was always attempting the politically impossible. This did not stop Napoleon from continuing his conquests. Napoleons battles were fought in order to consolidate his dictatorship. His Military success initially consolidated the revolution, but once he turned France into a military dictatorship he betrayed the revolution. Although Napoleons military conquests started off based on the ideals of the French Revolution, Napoleons relentless quest for personal glory lead to a dictatorship. In Napoleons hands the state had become the instrument of dictatorship. The Ultimate betrayal was the institu tion of a hereditary monarchy. This hereditary monarchy began in Napoleons action of crowing himself Emperor and Culminated in his marriage to an Austrian Hapsburg princess the moment his power became hereditary it cut itself off from its source: he embarked upon a course different from that of the Revolution. Napoleon claimed that his motives for marrying an Austrian were to consolidate the Revolution, by allying France with a dangerous neighbour, and defended his actions of crowning himself Emperor and marrying a Hapsburg by declaring democracy establishes sovereignty; aristocracy alone preserves it. It can be argued that Napoleons personal ambition and military conquest was a betrayal of the revolution because it was done to bring personal glory to his dictatorship. However parts of his dictatorship such as his social reforms were consolidating the revolution. All that Napoleon did solely to satisfy his own thirst for glory and power was swept away in his fall. The conquests disa ppeared and the Bonapartes dynasty was outlawed. What endured was the social and administrative structure he put in place to preserve the revolution Napoleon reorganised the religious, social and economic structures of France. This restructuring entailed Napoleon amending some revolutionary reforms. Historians who believe that Napoleon betrayed the ideals of the revolution believe that Napoleons restoration of the Clergy is evidence of his betrayal. However Napoleon restored the clergy in order to appease the people and settle relations with Rome. Napoleon instated this reform in 1801 where he reinstated the Clergy and relations with Rome, while making sure that the people who had purchesed confiscated church lands during the revolution were secure in their property. This ended the division caused by the church reforms and confiscation of land performed during the French Revolution. Napoleons religious reforms can be seen as consolidatary rather than betrayal. Historians point to Na poleons reforms of the French bureaucratic service as the ultimate treachery. France had been through years of revolutionary change but it still lacked the administrative structure to implement revolutionary reforms. Napoleon created a logically organised civil service that was so efficient that most of the world adopted the French administration system Much of its efficiency came from the fact that position were awarded for skill rather then social status Napoleons motto being a career open to all talents, without distinction of birth. However outstanding service within this bureaucratic environment was often rewarded with titles, this looked like the refeudalization of France, but in fact 80% of ennoblements were for military or bureaucratic service. Even so, Napoleons aristocratic style of leadership tends to support the idea that his administrative changes and ennoblements were a refeudalization of France. This would suggest that Napoleon betrayed the revolution by resorting to an administrative system similar to the ancien regime. However Historians such as Georges Lefebvre believe that the Emperor was a man of the Revolution in the sense that he detested feudalism, civil inequality, and religious intolerance. Proving that even though Napoleons social reforms changed the social structures left by the Revolution. The reforms that Napoleon made were in line with the revolutionary ideals of Liberty equality and Fraternity. Napoleon needed to consolidate the Revolution in order to establish himself as one of the most powerful leaders in history. It was both advantageous and necessary for Napoleon to employ the revolutionary ideals in order to consolidate his military dictatorship. France benefited from these revolutionary ideals and Changes to their social system, which outlived Napoleons despotism. Consequently it can be see that Napoleons actions originally consolidated the Revolutionary ideals. However his motives for consolidating the Revolution was the i ncrease of his personal power. In becoming a Military dictator and restoring France to a hereditary monarchy Napoleon betrayed the ideals of the revolution. When Napoleon Betrayed the Revolution, he lost the justification for his regime and consequently lost all the power he had amassed. BibliographyBroers, Michael Europe Under Napoleon 1799-1815 Arnold, London, 1996Ellis, Geoffrey Profiles in Power: Napoleon, Longman, New York, 1997Encyclopaedia Britannica, CD Rom, Standard Edition, 1999Furet, Francois Napoleon Bonaparte in G, Kates(ed.) The French Revolution: Recent Debates and New Controversies Clarendon Press, Oxford (1997)Gildea, Robert Barricades and Borders: Europe 1800-1914, Oxford University Press, New York 2nd edn, 1996Napoleon, Conversation, 1800 Herold, J.Christopher (ed.) The Mind of Napoleon (London,1955), item no.106Holmberg, Tom The empire between dictatorship and monarchy http://www.iselinge.nl/napoleon/html/body_nap_and_revolution.html, 1998Napoleon to the French N ation, 15 Dec 1799, Howard, John Letters and Documents of Napoleon (London, 1961) p.428. .u3bf9b959abc762bae4b6952a1f9142b7 , .u3bf9b959abc762bae4b6952a1f9142b7 .postImageUrl , .u3bf9b959abc762bae4b6952a1f9142b7 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u3bf9b959abc762bae4b6952a1f9142b7 , .u3bf9b959abc762bae4b6952a1f9142b7:hover , .u3bf9b959abc762bae4b6952a1f9142b7:visited , .u3bf9b959abc762bae4b6952a1f9142b7:active { border:0!important; } .u3bf9b959abc762bae4b6952a1f9142b7 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u3bf9b959abc762bae4b6952a1f9142b7 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u3bf9b959abc762bae4b6952a1f9142b7:active , .u3bf9b959abc762bae4b6952a1f9142b7:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u3bf9b959abc762bae4b6952a1f9142b7 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u3bf9b959abc762bae4b6952a1f9142b7 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u3bf9b959abc762bae4b6952a1f9142b7 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u3bf9b959abc762bae4b6952a1f9142b7 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u3bf9b959abc762bae4b6952a1f9142b7:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u3bf9b959abc762bae4b6952a1f9142b7 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u3bf9b959abc762bae4b6952a1f9142b7 .u3bf9b959abc762bae4b6952a1f9142b7-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u3bf9b959abc762bae4b6952a1f9142b7:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Death Of Outrage EssayLyons, Martyn Napoleon Bonaparte and the Legacy of the French Revolution Macmillan, London, 1994Schroeder, Paul The Transformation of European Politics 1763-1848 Clarendon Press, Oxford 1994Tombs, Robert France 1814-1914, Longman, NewYork, 1996War Times Journal Napoleonic Wars website http://www.wtj.com/portal/wars/modern/napoleonic/

A College Football Playoff Essay Example

A College Football Playoff? Essay Every year thousands of NCAA division one football players shed blood, tears, and sweat with the goal of reaching a championship bowl game. Unfortunately, roughly half of all of these football players never make it close to contention for one of the top four prestigious bowls that make up the Bowl Championship Series. This series was created to ensure a true national championship game and place all the major conference champions in major bowls. At the same time, all small conference schools are faced with the predicament of playing in lesser bowls in the end of the season regardless of the level of success they attain. The national television exposure and the millions of dollars that come with a major bowl are taken away due to the size of a school. Non-BCS conference schools are subjected to deficits in spending and cannot recruit the best players, leaving them on an uneven playing field. These small schools deserve an equal opportunity at playing in major money making bowls and the national exposure that comes along with it. There should be a post season playoff for NCAA division one football. With more than one hundred colleges participating in division one football every year, the NCAA was facing many problems regardi . . A team from outside the six could theoretically play its way in, but in practical terms doing so would be nearly impossible (Suggs â€Å"Members† 1). A playoff post season addresses all issues regarding the national championship game and disparity not only on the field, but more importantly financially on campus. With more money at stake, playoff consideration is affect ed by growing greed among schools. So in 2001, changes were made to the formula. But at least every regular-season game still matters under this plan, which makes it a good thing (Dienhart and Huguenin 38). Notre Dame, the nation’s most popular[. We will write a custom essay sample on A College Football Playoff? specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on A College Football Playoff? specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on A College Football Playoff? specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Small schools would have an equal opportunity at major bowls with a playoff. ], schedule strength and team record (Dienhart and Huguenin 38). In NCAA basketball, there is a playoff for the purpose of creating an even playing field and encouraging parity. [Congress] criticized the way the series rewards institutions in the Atlantic Coast, Big East, Big Ten, Big 12, Pacific-10, and Southeastern Conferences and not colleges in the five other conferences in Division 1-A (Suggs â€Å"Members† 1). â€Å"‘Unlike college basketball, this strengthens the value of the regular season,’ says Kramer, the SEC commissioner† (Dienhart and Huguenin 38.

Italian Verbs For Beginners - Mood and Tenses

Italian Verbs For Beginners - Mood and Tenses When learning Italian, students naturally tend to look for grammatical patterns. Studying Italian verbs in a programmatic fashion is a wise idea because its an efficient use of time, and Italian verbs are classified in a variety of ways. When studying Italian verbs, though, avoid the temptation to make absolute comparisons to English. Although there are many similarities between the two languages, there are also many fundamental differences. In addition, there are always exceptions to the rule. So while taking an organized approach to Italian verbs is a terrific way to improve your Italian, think of it like ordering in an Italian restaurant: be prepared to order a different primo if your favorite dish isnt available. The Santa Trinit of VerbsVerbs are fundamental to any language, and Italian is no exception. There are three primary groups of Italian verbs, classified according to the ending of their infinitives: first conjugation (-are verbs), second conjugation (-ere verbs), and third conjugation (-ire verbs). Most Italian verbs belong to the first-conjugation group and follow a highly uniform pattern. Once you learn how to conjugate one -are verb, youve essentially learned hundreds of them. And what about those Italian verbs that dont end in -are? Second-conjugation (-ere) verbs account for approximately one-quarter of all Italian verbs. Although many have some sort of irregular structure, there are also many regular -ere verbs. The final group of Italian verbs is those that end in ​-ire. Feeling Tense? A Little Moody?Feeling tense studying Italian verbs? Or maybe youre a bit moody. There is a difference. Mood (a variation of the word mode) refers to the attitude of the speaker toward what he or she is saying. There are four finite moods (modi finiti) in Italian: indicative (indicativo), which is used to indicate facts; subjunctive (congiuntivo), which is used to express an attitude or feeling toward an event; conditional (condizionale), which is used to express what would happen in a hypothetical situation; and imperative (imperativo), which is used to give commands. (Note that modern English only has three finite moods: indicative, subjunctive, and imperative.) There are also three indefinite moods (modi indefiniti) in Italian, so-called because the forms do not indicate the person (i.e., first, second, or third): infinitive (infinito), participle (participio), and gerund (gerundio). Moods are divided into one or more tenses, which indicates the time when the action of the verb takes place (present, past, or future). For reference, the chart below lists the mood and tenses of Italian verbs in English and Italian. ITALIAN VERBS: MOOD AND TENSEIndicative / Indicativopresent / presentepresent perfect / passato prossimoimperfect / imperfettopast perfect / trapassato prossimoabsolute past / passato remotopreterite perfect / trapassato remotofuture / futuro semplicefuture perfect / futuro anteriore Subjunctive / Congiuntivopresent / presentepast / passatoimperfect / imperfettopast perfect / trapassato Conditional / Condizionalepresent / presentepast / passato Imperative / Imperativopresent / presente Infinitive / Infinitivopresent / presentepast / passato Participle / Participiopresent / presentepast / passato Gerund / Gerundiopresent / presentepast / passato Conjugating Italian Verbs SingularI personII personIII personPluralI personII personIII person Learning six forms for every verb would be an endless task. Fortunately, most Italian verbs are regular verbs, meaning they are conjugated following a regular pattern. In fact, there are only three irregular first conjugation verbs. Once the regular verb endings are memorized the pattern can be applied to other verbs of the same group. Or, they are irregular, and do not follow a regular pattern. Although numerous, even the irregular second and third conjugation verbs fall into a few groups that make it easier to memorize. Essere and Avere: Dont Leave Home Without ThemLanguage means action, and you cant speak Italian without the verbs essere (to be) and avere (to have). These two essential verbs are used in compound verb formations, idiomatic expressions, and many other grammatical constructions. Become the maestro of these two verbs and youll have taken a giant step towards learning Italian. In TransitReady for action? Then its time for a transitive verb- those that take a direct object (complemento oggetto): Luisa legge un libro (Luisa reads a book). Transitive verbs can also be used in the absolute sense; that is, with an implicit direct object: Luisa legge (Luisa reads [a book, magazine, newspaper]). Intransitive verbs, on the other hand, are those that never take a direct object: Giorgio cammina (Giorgio walks). Some verbs can be classified as either transitive or intransitive, depending on the context of the sentence. Verbs With Voice!Italian verbs (like verbs in many other languages) have two voices. A verb is in the active voice when the subject carries out or performs the action of the verb: Marco ha preparato le valigie (Marco packed the suitcases). A verb is in the passive voice when the subject is acted on by the verb: La scena à ¨ stata filmata da un famoso regista (The scene was filmed by a famous director). Only transitive verbs with an explicit direct object can be transformed from the active voice to the passive voice. Mirror, Mirror, on the WallYou wake up (svegliarsi), take a shower (farsi la doccia), comb your hair (pettinarsi), and get dressed (vestirsi). You couldnt start your day without reflexive verbs (verbi riflessivi). Those are verbs whose action reverts to the subject: Mi lavo (I wash myself). In Italian, reflexive pronouns (i pronomi reflessivi) are required when conjugating reflexive verbs. Coulda, Woulda, ShouldaThere are three important Italian verbs known as verbi servili or verbi modali (modal verbs). These verbs, potere (to be able to, can), volere (to want), dovere (to have to, must), can stand alone, taking on their given meaning. They can also follow the infinitive of other verbs, functioning to modify the meaning of those verbs. Verbs That End In -sene, -sela, -celaThere are a group of Italian verbs that are conjugated with two different pronoun particles. Verbs such as meravigliarsene and provarcisi are called pronominal verbs (verbi pronominali). In fact, they are still classified as either first-conjugation (-are verbs), second-conjugation (-ere verbs), or third-conjugation (-ire verbs) according to the ending of their infinitives. Many pronominal verbs are used idiomatically. Shadowed By A PrepositionCertain Italian verbs (and expressions) are followed by specific prepositions such as a, di, per, and su. But to the consternation of students of all levels and abilities, there is no hard-and-fast set of rules governing this grammatical usage. This is one instance in which language learners must familiarize themselves with tables that include Italian verbs and expressions followed by specific prepositions as well as verbs followed directly by the infinitive.

Business administrator report Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Business administrator report - Coursework Example the company members function within the set guidelines and regulations pertinent to the Dynamic Enterprise Company as well as turning out to be the legal consultant of the company. The Overseer is also expected to be acquaint with the Dynamic Enterprise Legal Duties and Insurance Cover alongside dispensing and recording of stocks. I operated as the main link between the company and the external contractors (Meier, et al., 2005). During the first meeting, I guaranteed that every stockholder of the company had undoubtedly understood the roles that they had to play and what was anticipated of them in the long run. The foremost resolve of the meeting was to allocate duties to the members as well as setting practicable and hands-on deadlines to each participant (Dzimbiri, 2009). The obligation of the organization spearhead was to make available to the business with the directed bearing and oversee the wide-ranging operation of the trade. The marketing administrator was expected to reach out to afford the business with a good marketing approach that will lead to improved profits to the company. Subsequently, the financial administrator was apportioned to keep and maintain all the fiscal records of the company. The operations administrator was in charge of the procedural and maintenance of the fixed flow of goings-on of the company. Finally the administrator was expected to guarantee that all the general prearrang ed activities for the business are observed by all its members in an effort to accomplish the objectives of the company (Akwetey, 2011). Minutes of the agreed responsibilities and agenda were enlisted by the administrator in line with lawful requirements of the business meeting for yet to come records and mentions. Agreeing with Akwetey (2011), outlines aid in pointing out what to sort out and when to do it. This was apparent during the conventions of the company as it was a point of reference in our meeting considerations as it pointed out on the

Insurance Is Not Always Beneficial to Emplyees Essay

Insurance Is Not Always Beneficial to Emplyees - Essay Example In the United States, for example, many employees get Insurance policy through their employers where the employers help pay the Insurance policy. When the employer insures one, it is usually through a managed care plan that are health insurance plans that provide health care facilities to members at reduced costs by laying down contracts with medical facilities and health care providers. Employer based Insurance is often much cheaper as compared to buying individual Insurance, hence many people rather have their insurance bill cut from their salaries. The United States unlike other industrialized countries has a different case in that it does not have a national Insurance System. It is important to be insured because one cannot always tell when they are going to need the medical attention. There are vast advantages of getting employee-based health insurance. In the essay, I will look at health insurance in group verses individualized context, explore the advantages of employer based health insurance plan and discuss that insurance is not always beneficial. Group verses Individualized Insurance Employment based Insurance is an example of group based Insurance. ... e of group insurance policy is that it is much easier to obtain in that there are little procedures to be followed, which would in turn delay or even terminate the whole application process like inquiring about the health history of individual members. Group insurance policy is definitely the cheapest form of insurance available. However, as compared to group insurance, there are numerous advantages of individualized insurance plans. Firstly, one is able to customize the provisions they may want included or neglected in their package. They may also choose to regulate on the deductible amount of payment that the insurance company does. It also enables individual to choose the doctor that would be conducting their services. Here the price range may be elevated as compared to group insurers, but the services are better. It may also be exceptionally costly particularly when one runs a high risk being ill or has high health risk qualities. Advantages of Employment Based Health Insurance P lans A health plan would gain more if groups of individuals with low health risks were enrolled in it as compared to unhealthy list of individuals. In the United States where the employee health insurance benefit scheme is purely voluntary, there is a great chance that a group of highly unhealthy individuals are registered in the plan. Insurers would often prefer to enroll a group of individual as compared to the specific individual. Employment based insurance groups are one of the individual groups that are always considered to be formed for the sole purpose to offer their employees health insurance. It does not discriminate and whether the individual in the group posses a high health risk than the other, they will automatically qualify for the system. Not only are employers capable of

Al-Amanah Islamic Investment Bank Of The Philippines

Al-Amanah Islamic Investment Bank Of The Philippines Republic Act No. 6848, otherwise known as The Charter of the Al-Amanah Islamic Investment Bank of the Philippines outlines that the primary purpose of the Islamic bank is to promote and accelerate the socio-economic development of the Autonomous Region by performing banking, financing and investment operations and to establish and participate in agricultural, commercial and industrial ventures based on the Islamic concept of banking. In addition to allowing the bank to act as a universal bank capable of offering both conventional and Islamic banking products and services, the Sections No. 10 11 of the charter respectively provide incentives in the form of investor protection, and grant the bank the ability to accept grants and donations (Congress of the Philippines, 1989). Dimapunong (2006) provides background information and commentary on the rules and regulations governing the Al-Amanah Islamic Bank. A founding chairman of the bank, the author also wrote about the role of former senator Mamintal A. Tamanos role in the establishment of the original Philippine Amanah Bank, the precursor of the current Al-Amanah Islamic Investment Bank of the Philippines. A rare representative from Muslim Mindanao, the late senator was supposedly the first to envision a Muslim bank in the Philippines, at a time when modern Islamic banking was at its infancy. According to the author, the original PAB was not properly Shariah-compliant leading Ulama counsels to complain about the institution misleading the public. By 1988 it had been deemed a complete failure having already gone bankrupt (Dimapunong A. A.). Sandra Isnaji (2003) conducted a SWOT (Strength-Weakness-Opportunity-Threat) analysis of the Amanah Bank and prescribes a rehabilitation plan for the institution involving infusions of capital from the government in order to get rid of the banks debt and to invest in new infrastructure. Her paper was aimed at answering three questions with regard to the beleaguered banks status: (1) Where are we now? (2) Where do we want to be? and (3) How do we get there? To that extent, Isnaji looked at the state of Islamic banking industry as a whole, the state of the Philippine financial system, and the state of the Amanah bank itself. With regard to the Amanah Banks operations, Isnaji (2003) states that (at the time of writing) it operates on a two-window system in which it offers both Islamic and conventional financial products and services. And while the institution faced no competition from other Islamic banks, it faced stiff competition from the countrys conventional financial institutions, both formal and informal. With regard to the Philippine banking sector, the author used Porters Five Forces framework to analyze the ABs competition within it. The author findings are as follows: (1) With regard to the bargaining power of suppliers: the tight control of the Bangko Sentral affords it high bargaining power, to the advantage of state-owned banks such as the Amanah Bank; the bargaining power of multilateral and bilateral aid organizations(USTDA, WB, ADB, JBIC) is high due to their involvement with micro-finance and development banks; the large size and unorganized nature of the labor sector affords it little ba rgaining power; bargaining power among depositors is highly skewed towards the higher income deciles whos deposits account for 88.3% of the savings in banks, with the lower deciles having nor bargaining power. (2) With regard to the bargaining power of buyers, the higher income deciles belonging to the middle and upper classes resided and/or did business in the National Capital Region (NCR) and demand services such as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦electronic banking, payroll services, and bill payments.; The power portions of the population find it difficult to obtain financing from formal banks due to their situation, and thus do not have much bargaining power, but their sheer numbers offer a potentially large market. (3) With regard to the threat of new entrants, any new Islamic banks allowed by the BSP could actually benefit the Amanah Bank by providing much needed visibility for the beleaguered Philippine Islamic banking sector. (4) With regard to the threat of substitute, notable alternatives that customers may opt for are informal financial institutions, employers that provide loan programs, or complete abstinence from banking entirely. Another threat is the outflow of capital from the country. (5) With regard to rivalry among existing players, the tendency of banks to be large tends to lead them to avoid small borrowers and savers, as such the government has had to develop the banking system so as to include such institutions as thrift and rural banks which cater to the needs of small borrowers and savers who would otherwise resort to informal institutions. In order to counter the threat of oligopoly the government competes in the financial sector via the Development Bank of the Philippines (DBP) and the Land Bank of the Philippines (LBP). (Isnaji, 2003) As a requirement of the Development Bank of the Philippines (DBP) acquisition of the Al-Amanah Islamic Investment Bank of the Philippines (AAIIBP), the Monetary Board of the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas (BSP) required the DBP to submit a 5-year rehabilitation plan for the bank. The initial plan, submitted on 23 April 2008, was deemed inadequate by the BSP. As such a draft of the revised plan was submitted on 18 March 2009. The revised plan was divided into four parts: (1) a brief background elaborating on the institutions legal basis, purpose, and present situation, (2) a summary of its business plans, (3) details on the implementation of said business plans, (4) and five-year financial projections. (Panganiban, 2009) The revised rehabilitation plan of the Amanah Bank centers around 4Rs, specifically: Recapitalization via capital infusions from the DBP and domestic and foreign investors; this is aimed at covering the expenses of the banks rehabilitation Restoration of financial viability focused on à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦aggressive marketing efforts to introduce AAIIBPs new products and services, liquidation of non-performing assets and the sourcing of contingent fundsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Reorganization focused on building up institutional capacity, particularly with regard to Sharia compliance; involves organizational restructuring, relocation and refurbishing of bank offices, expansion and automation. Reforms institutionalization involves strengthening of corporate culture and governance, monitoring system, risk management and audit system, and review of product and operating manuals. Particular emphasis has been given to the recapitalization strategy which would provide the funds needed for the other three points of the rehabilitation. (Development Bank of the Philippines, March 2009) Islamic Banking Chong and Liu (2006) attempted to determine how different Islamic banking is from conventional banking by examining Islamic banking practice in Malaysia using the Engle-Granger error-correction methodology. In their study they find that despite being theoretically different, in practice Islamic banking in Malaysia is not very different from conventional banking. According to their study, only a negligible portion of Islamic bank financing in Malaysia is based on the profit-and-loss (PLS) sharing paradigm and that Islamic deposits are not interest-free, but are based on non-PLS modes that are permitted under Sharia law, but ignore the spirit of the usury prohibition. This parallels Islamic banking experience in other countries. The authors conclude that Islamic banking practices cannot differ too greatly from conventional banking practice due to stiff competition that makes interest-free Islamic deposits closely pegged to conventional deposits. This conclusion can have implications fo r the brand is Islamic banking, particularly with regard to its often touted non-interest-based character. However, it also has analytical and regulatory implications; the similarity of Islamic banking practices to conventional banking practices would simplify the task of both studying and regulating Islamic banking. The findings of this study mirror an earlier paper by Movassaghi and Zamans (2002). In it, they attempt to re-examine the concept of riba in light of Islamic jurisprudence. In that paper they compare Islamic banking practices with conventional banking practices in order to highlight that neither all conventional practices are usurious, nor are modern Islamic banking practices significantly different from those of conventional banks. They also assert that many differences between the profit/loss sharing paradigm of Islamic banking and conventional interest-based merely superficial. In addition to questions of practice, Chong and Lius study also asked the question of whether or not the growth of Islamic banking over the past several years was due to the comparative advantages of the Islamic banking paradigm, or to the Islamic resurgence that began in the 1960s. Based on their findings, the authors are inclined to adopt the latter view. This view is also compatible with the findings of a study cited by Isnaji (2003), done by the Meezan Bank of Pakistan which identified several key success factors in the experience of Islamic banks in other countries: (1) strong religious consciousness among the Muslim population, (2) support from the government in the form of financial infrastructure and favorable regulations, (3) promotion, (4) [increases] in individual wealth, and (5) a wide variety of financial products and services. Public Enterprises/Public Enterprise Reform Basu (2005) gives an overview of the background and concept of public enterprise, highlighting the particular experience of India in this matter. distinguishing it from the broader term public sector by adopting the definition adopted by the International Centre of Public Enterprises (ICPE): Any commercial, financial, industrial, agricultural or promotional undertaking owned by public authority, either wholly or through majority share holding which is engaged in the sale of goods and services and whose affairs are capable of being recorded in balance sheets and profit and loss accounts. Such undertakings may have diverse legal and corporate forms, such as departmental undertakings, public corporations, statutory agencies, established by Acts of Parliament or Joint Stock Companies registered under the Company Law. The author then goes on to elaborate these three categories. Basu further elaborates on the theory of public enterprises by elaborating on four types of economic activity based on the concept of remuneration as well as that of natural monopoly. (Basu, 2005) Basu highlights the equal importance of accountability and efficiency in the management of public enterprises, stating the important role of institutional arrangements in this matter. The author then elaborates on the creation of public enterprises with regard to government policy in terms of the strategies of nationalization or introduction of a new activity and states that most post-independence cases consisted of the latter. Basu emphasizes the idea that neither the state nor the market is immune to failure and that current emphasis should be on the idea of public-private synergy, and that attention should be put on both on public-private partnership and competition to achieve the objectives of efficiency and welfare. He then highlights the link between public finance and public enterprise, stating that shortsighted approaches of several developing countries including India to reduce fiscal deficit by selling public enterprises- which follow from inadequacies of public finance man agement could be disastrous in the long run (Basu, 2005). Stiglitz (2000) identifies two major categories in which public enterprises may systematically be more inefficient than private enterprises: organizational and individual. Under the former are sub-categories regarding organizational incentives, personnel restrictions, procurement restrictions, and budget restrictions. These pertain to public enterprises organizational rules and procedures which may hamper those enterprises efficiency and performance. The nature of public firms can mean that they may not necessarily need worry about incurring losses in their operations since any such losses may be covered by public funding. The bureaucratic nature of these enterprises may also entail strict procedures with regard to the hiring and firing of employees and the appropriation of needed materials, increasing transaction costs for both the demanding firm and possible suppliers (private forms and individuals). Lastly, there is the issue of budget restrictions due to governments having to all ocate limited financial resources among various agencies and projects. (Stiglitz, 2000) The latter category pertains to the behavior of individual bureaucrats under the incentive structure of public enterprises. Low wages and security of tenure may provide disincentives for bureaucrats to perform efficiently. Bureaucrats are also argued to be budget maximizers in that they seek to maximize the size of their bureaucracies by encouraging increased expenditures on their respective agencies. Stiglitz cites Niskanen with regard to principal-agent problems in bureaucracies wherein government bureaucrats act in their own interests and not necessarily in the interests of the citizens whom they are supposed to serve. (Stiglitz, 2000) Chang (2007) presents a discussion of the issue of state enterprise reform. Chang argues that theoretically there is no clear case with for or against state-owned enterprises (SOEs) by citing arguments for (natural monopoly, capital market failure, externalities, equity) and against (principal-agent problem, free-rider problem, soft budget restrains), the author also points out that large SOEs and large private sector firms often face similar (principal-agent) problems. This mirrors Stiglitzs statement that Principal-agent problems arise in all organization, whether public or private and are particularly acute in large organizations. In both private and public cases, managers often have large amounts of discretion allowing them to pursue their own interests. (Stiglitz, 2000) In citing the issues of public enterprises in comparison to private enterprises, many often assume away the agency problems of private firms, thus comparing idealized private firms with real-life SOEs, the former of which would obviously come out on top (Chang, 2007). Chang 92007) points out that privatization is not the only solution to the problems of many SOEs, and that many intermediate third way solutions exist. The author elaborates that privatization as an option has its costs and limitations and should only be taken on certain conditions, many of which are not met in reality leading to many failed attempts at privatization that cause more problems than they solve. As such, the third way options (organizational reform, increasing competition, political and administrative reforms) ought to be considered before privatization. (Chang, 2007) Rational Choice Theory/Institutional Economics Rational/Public Choice Theory Rational Choice Theory refers to those theories of the social sciences which utilize the analytical tools of neoclassical economics, particularly, the core assumption of rational (utility-maximizing) and self-interested individuals. (Hindmoor, 2006) Hindmoor (2002) states that rational choice theorists employ an instrumental conception of rationality in which actions are judged as being rational to the extent that they constitute the best way of achieving some goal. He identifies two conceptualizations of rationality: The first (the axiomatic approach) conceives a rational person as someone whos preference-ordering over bundles of goods and services is reflexive, complete, transitive and continuous. The second (the optimizing approach) conceives the rational person as one who possesses optimal beliefs and acts in optimal ways given those beliefs and desires. (Hindmoor, 2006) Hindmoor writes that rationality is a controversial assumption in political science, particularly in light of the concept of bounded rationality. As such, he says that such an assumption must be justified and looks at the two approaches in order to determine which is more defensible. Under the umbrella heading of rational choice theory can be found the sub-theories of public choice, which, in turn, constituted transplanting the general analytical framework of economics into political science. (Tullock, 2002) Tullocks primary contribution to rational/public choice theory is his theories on rent-seeking, which he defines as the use of resources for the purpose of obtaining rents for people where the rents themselves come from some activity that has negative social value. Tullock continues: The concept of rent seeking as popularly perceived refers to legal and illegal activities to obtain special privileges such as seeking monopoly status, special zoning, quantitative restrictions on imports, protective tariffs, bribes, threats, and smuggling. (Tullock, 2002) Indeed, rent-seeking has actually come to dominate the literature of rational choice theory. Hindmoor (2006) cites the plethora of studies done on various countries, on various topics to emphasize this point. He looks to three possible explanations for this: (1) the name-recognition of the term rent-seeking itself, (2) the adaptability and extendibility of Tullocks argument which à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦can be extended to cover the analysis of any and all special economic privilegesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦, and (3) the fact that it offered a hostile theory of state, which could be used to counter welfare economists arguments for government intervention. On the second reason, Hindmoor supplements Tullocks original argument by pointing out that interest groups also spend resources to prevent rivals from obtaining rents and to secure their own and that governments may also practice rent-extraction. (Hindmoor, 2006) Tullock (2002) identifies several costs involved in rent seeking: The first being the actual cost of obtaining the special privilege. Of which the author provides the example of the costs of lobbying in Washington D.C. Greater costs are incurred from the distortion of the voting process, wherein public officials who are elected to pursue certain policies or projects often also pursue other less beneficial projects of which the true cost cannot be typically counted due to those politicians not disclosing the details of deals they have made. The greatest costs, however, are the indirect costs caused by rent seeking behavior. In particular, the involvement of intelligent and energetic people in an activity that contributes either nothing or negatively to society. The opportunity cost of such activities, he argues, far exceed their direct costs. (Tullock, 2002) Tullock (2002) argues that the development of rent seeking activities is influenced by many factors, in particular the structure and design of government. In general, he argues, any rule that complicates and makes the functioning of the government government decisionmaking process less smooth will lower the amount of rent seeking. He concludes his discussion on the topic by emphasizing that there are as of yet no good measures of the costs of rent-seeking (Tullock, 2002). Hindmoor (2006) cites Von Mises in defining bureaucracy as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦any organization which specialises in the supply of those services the value of which cannot be exchanged for money at a per-unit rate. Such organizations, Von Mises suggests, find themselves effectively exempted from the demands of economic calculation and are, as a result, usually inefficient. He also cites Tullock: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦the crucial feature of bureaucracies is not simply that they are hierarchies, but pyramidal hierarchies with fewer people at the top than in the lower ranks. This leads to a principal-agent relationship, with all its problems of information asymmetry (Hindmoor, 2006). In his section of Public Choice, Tullock also discusses bureaucracy. He writes that: Bureaucrats are much like other people and, like people in general, are more interested in their own well-being than in the public interest. The problem is in designing institutions in such a way as to harness bureaucrats self-interest to serve the public interest (Tullock, 2002). The core problem with bureaucracy is encapsulated by Tullock in one paragraph: In most bureaucracies the executive whether in General Motors, the Department of State, or the Exchequer is in a position where only to a minor extent is his or her own interest involved. Bureaucrats will make many decisions that will have little or no direct effect on themselves and hence can be made with the best interests of General Motors or the American or the British people at heart. Unfortunately bureaucrats, in general, have only weak motives to consider these problems carefully, but they do have strong motives to improve their status in the bureaucracy, whether by income, power, or simply the ability to take leisure while sitting in plush offices. They are more likely to be more concerned with this second set of objectives than the first, although they may not put very much effort into it because not much effort is required (Tullock, 2002). Tullock then further draws parallels between public and private bureaucrats. He argues that both will attempt to maximize gains for their respective employers if it pays off for them. But in neither case does the institutional structure lead bureaucrats to maximizing the well-being of their superiors. He qualifies, though, that private corporations have a much easier time in pursing their goals efficiently than do governments. He cites three reasons for this: the comparatively simple objective of stockbrokers (profit maximization), the reasonably accurate methods of measuring the performance of corporate managers (bureaucrats) in the form of accounting, and the difference in the ownership of benefits from the efficient management of bureaucracies (private profit vs. public interest) (Tullock, 2002). Lastly, Tullock elaborates upon several proposals with regard to bureaucratic reform: decentralization, depriving bureaucrats of the vote, and downsizing the size of bureaucracy. He discusses how it is often in the interest of bureaucrats to increase the size of their departments , although in some cases downsizing does occur without the objection of senior bureaucrats due to such measures not affecting them aversely or even benefiting them by, for example, leading to more highly paid positions at the top while cutting down from below. Most intriguing is his characterization of bureaucratic behaviour as resembling that of people with hobbies, albeit with two major differences: it does not cost bureaucrats very much since they are predominantly using other peoples resources and that most bureaucrats honestly think that whatever it is they do is not for their benefit alone, but for the country or their bureau. (Tullock, 2002) This mirrors Niskanens theory on bureaucracy, wherein he asserts that bureaucrats find it in their interest to maximize their budgets and that they are often successful in doing so. Niskanen, himself defines bureaucracies as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦non-profit-making organization whose revenues derive from periodic grants (Hindmoor, 2006). Niskanen also à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦follows Downs in assuming that bureaucrats value a range of goods including power, monetary income, prestige and security. Yet he cuts through the complexities o Downs argument by suggesting that nearly all of these variables are positively related to the size of the bureaucrats budget (Hindmoor, 2006). Tullock (2002) elaborates goes on to the relationship between bureaucrats and two other major groups of political actors: politicians and pressure groups. Tullock focuses on the ability of bureaucrats to often lord over their superiors thanks to their security of tenure. Two bureaucratic tactics are discussed: the use of leaks to undermine or embarrass superiors, and the use of essential programs as proverbial shields in the fact of budget cuts. With regard to pressure groups, the collusion is the cited issue, wherein bureaus and interest groups work together to gain mutual benefits from government. (Tullock, 2002) With regard to this relationship Niskanen argues that the bureaucrats have two advantages over politicians which allow them to increase their budgets: (1) greater information on the costs involved in their bureaucracies provision of goods, and (2) the ability to à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦make take-it-or-leave-it offers to their political patrons (Hindmoor, 2006). Politicians on the o ther hand are attributed four capacities: (1) the ability to select the bureaucracys overall output, (2) the ability to ensure that bureaucrats fulfill their promises in return for an agreed budget, (3) the ability to ensure that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦the total benefits individuals derive from consuming whatever output it is that the bureaucracy provides are equal to or greater than the total costs of providing it (Hindmoor, 2006) and (4) the ability to ensure that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦the marginal benefits of any output are not negative (Hindmoor, 2006). As Hindmoor points out, however, Niskanen has accepted the argument of Jean-Luc Migue and Gerard Belanger (1974) that bureaucrats do not so much maximize the size of their budget, but rather that of their discretionary budget, defined as the difference between their budget and the minimum costs of supplying their expected output. They argue that though this discretionary budget cannot be used by the bureaucrat for personal profit, it can be used to gain greater power, patronage, prestige, and so on (Hindmoor, 2006). Regardless of this distinction, however, the conclusion is still that the bureaucracies are inefficient because their budgets are too large. (Hindmoor, 2006) Hindmoor further critiques Niskanens argument by citing several works by multiple authors who point out that (1) politicians actually hold great power over bureaucrats, so much so that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦bureaucrats can be deterred from making excessive demandsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (2) politicians can trick bureaucrats into revealing information on minimal costs by à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦asking them how much output they would be willing to provide at various per unit prices. (3) constituents and interest-groups may raise alarms about with regard to ineffective bureaucracies, (4) administrative rules and standard operating procedures keep bureaucracies in line, and (5) that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Congressional Committees have the formal power to hire and fire senior bureaucrats, ring-fence particular investments and hold investigations and public-hearings into an agencys performance (Hindmoor, 2006). In his discussion, Tullock concludes by emphasizing that bureaucrats are not necessarily bad people, but that the institutional arrangement often frees them of the constraint of efficiently carrying out the tasks to which they have been assigned. The author then iterates that both large governments and large private corporations necessitate bureaucracies, and that such bureaucracies can be both conducive and/or obstructive to good government. (Tullock, 2002) Now, while rational choice theory certainly dominates discussion of government inefficiency Field (1979) argues that while it provides an easy framework for analysis, it is incapable of providing explanations. He argues that since rational choice models are as incapable of providing sufficiently restrictive predictions, which provide accounts which tell why a certain outcome was reached instead of another. He points to the inability of neoclassical economic analysis in explaining oligopolies, citing that Economists can analyze an existing cartel by pointing to the benefits which participating companies receive as the result of restricting output and raising prices. But economist can equally well analyze the absence of a cartel by pointing to the benefits individual members would obtain by violating such an agreement. (Field, 1979) Field goes on to critique the idea of explaining social outcomes based on the conception that they spring from economic forces. He mentions that while rational choice models have the comparative advantage when it comes to understanding outcomes which are caused by economic forces, they do not take into consideration the ways in which social forces affect the operation of markets. (Field, 1979) Field thus argues that the inherent limitations of rational choice/economic models in explaining systems of rules mean that they are no replacement for institutional economists qualitative approach, which holds historical understanding of the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦laws and customs organizing the process under investigationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ as essential. However, he does make the consideration that while rational choice models cannot satisfactorily explain institutions by themselves, they can help. (Field, 1979) Institutional Economics R.A. Gordon (1963) attempts to outline the characteristics of institutional economics in the form of several propositions: (1) Economic behavior is strongly conditioned by the institutional environment (in all its manifestation) within which economic activity takes place, and economic behavior in turn affects the institutional environment. (2) This process of mutual interaction is an evolutionary one. The environment changes, and as it does, so do the determinants of economic behavior. Hence the need for an evolutionary approach to economics. (3) In this evolutionary process of interaction, a key role is played by the (largely conflicting) conditions imposed by modern technology and by the pecuniary institutions of modern capitalism. (4) Economics is more concerned with conflict than with a harmonious order in which unconscious [cooperation] results from the free play of market forces. (5) Since conflict underlies so many economic relationships, and since these relationships are not immutable, there is room and need for social control of economic activity. (6) We need to learn all that we can from psychology, sociology, anthropology, and law if we are to understand why human beings act as they do in their economic roles. People are not maximizing automata reacting mechanically in an institutional vacuum. (7) Granted the preceding assumptions, much of orthodox economic theory is either wrong or irrelevant because it makes demonstrably false assumptions and does not ask the really important questions. A new, broader, evolutionary theory based on behavioral assumptions derived from the other social sciences and on detailed knowledge of the evolution and present characteristics of the institutional environment needs to be constructed. A wide variety of empirical studies must precede the attempt to construct such a broader, evolutionary, and more realistic corpus of theory (Gordon, 1963). Thorstein Veblen is commonlyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦regarded as the founding father or guiding spirit of American institutionalism. (Ayres, 1964) In Institutional Economics, Ayres argues that the central idea of Veblens works was a call for a completely different ontology of economics with a completely different conception of what constituted the economy. Whereas the conception of mainstream economics has been that the economic system is centered on the concept of the market and tied together by individuals self-interest. Instead, Ayres asserts that Veblen took on an anthropological conception of the economy. One where in it is the state of industrial arts that gives occasion to exchange, so the extent of the market must always be limited by the state of the industrial arts. This was the direct opposite of the thinking of mainstream economics at that point: that the various aspects of civilizations development could be attributed to market forces. (Ayres, 1964) Ayres puts Veb